SS2 English Language Lesson Plan: Comprehensive Scheme of Work and Study Notes

Consonant sounds https://youtu.be/jtsvomse_4A

1. Analyse nominalization of adjectives and verbs

2. Describe the process of nominalization of adjectives and verbs

3. Convert or transform adjectives and verbs into nouns

Nominalisation is the use of a word which is not a noun (e.g. a verb, an adjective or an adverb) as a noun, or as the head of a noun phrase, with or without morphological transformation. The term can also refer specifically to the process of producing a noun from another part of speech via the addition of derivational affixes (e.g., legalize versus legalization).
Some languages simply allow verbs to be used as nouns, while others require some form of morphological transformation. English has cases of both.

Two types of nominalisation are found in English. One type requires the addition of a derivational suffix to create a noun. In other cases, English uses the same word as a noun without any additional morphology. This second process is referred to as zero-derivation.

Examples of nouns formed from adjectives:

· applicability (from applicable)

· carelessness (from careless)

· difficulty (from difficult)

· intensity (from intense)

Examples of nouns formed from verbs:

· failure (from fail)

· nominalization (from nominalize)

· investigation (from investigate)

· movement (from move)

· reaction (from react)

· refusal (from refuse)

An especially common case of verbs being used as nouns is the addition of the suffix -ing, known in English as a gerund.

· swimming (from swim)

· running (from run)

· editing (from edit)

Examples of nouns formed from adjectives:

· scarcity (from scarce)

· carelessness (from careless)

· kindness (from kind)

· intensity (from intense)

Examples of nouns formed from verbs:

· creation (from create)

· nominalization (from nominalize)

· investigation (from investigate)

· movement (from move)

· reaction (from react)

· approval (from approve)

An especially common case of verbs being used as nouns is the addition of the suffix -ing, known in English as a gerund.

· giving (from give)

· running (from run)

· editing (from edit)

Zero-derivation

Read Also: SS2 English Language Scheme of Work- First Term

Some verbs and adjectives in English can be used directly as nouns without the addition of a derivational suffix. Some examples include:

change

· I need a change. (change = noun)

· I will change. (change = verb)

murder

· The murder of the man was tragic. (murder = noun)

· He will murder the man. (murder = verb)

Forming Nouns from Adjectives

Irregular Forms

angry – anger: He was never angry – He never showed anger

proud – pride: Bola is too proud – Bola is full of pride

wide – width: It is four metres wide – It is four metres in width

long – length: It is two feet long – It is two feet in length

1. Admit

2. Contradict

3. Appreciate

4. Correct

5. Provide

6. Convey

7. Permit

8. Quality

9. Certify

10. Expose

11. Persist

12. Amend

13. Convert

14. Transform

15. Supervise

Answer:
A

1. Admission

2. Contradiction

3. Appreciation

4. Correction

5. Provision

6. Conveyance

7. Permission

8. Qualification

9. Certification

10. Exposure

11. Persistance

12. Amendment

13. Conversion

14. Transformation

15. Supervision

B.

1. Clarity

2. Smartness

3. Brevity

4. Boldness

5. Cleverness

6. Height

7. Depth

8. Width

9. Intelligence

10. Brilliance

11. Length

12. Brightness

13. Cruelty

14. Goodness

1. ………………….(poor) is the biggest bane in the world.

2. All that our parents want is our…………………….. (happy).

3. Diana was not endowed with the hearing………………(able)

4. Your self ……………….. (confident) can win you whatever you aspire for.

5. The …………….. (celebrate) of world Engineer’s Day was held at the auditorium of our college.

6. The Chief Minister inaugurated the annual function which concluded with the ……………………. (distribute) of prizes.

7. Everyone had lost the hope of his…………………….. (recover). But the doctors did not give up till the end.

8. All the activities happen under his strict……………… (govern)

9. The boys tried to hide their………….. (nervous) but they could not.

10. Did you see the………………. (advertise) of home furnishings in which Gauri and Shahrukh have been picturised.

Answer:

1. Poverty

2. happiness

3. ability

4. confidence

5. celebration

6. distribution

7. recovery

8. governance

9. nervousness

10. advertisement

1. classify all twenty-four consonant sounds in English into voiced and voiceless sounds

2. contrast consonant sounds with copious examples

3. produce consonant sounds correctly

English consonants can be unvoiced and voiced.

An unvoiced consonant means that there is is no vibration or voice coming from the voicebox when the sound is pronounced. Examples of unvoiced consonant sounds are /s/, /p/ and /t/.

A voiced consonant means that there is voice or vibration coming from the voicebox when the sound is pronounced. Examples of voiced consonant sounds are /v/, /b/ and /g/.

Place of Articulation

· Bilabial – the upper lip and lower lip come in complete contact with each other.

· Dental – the tip of the tongue touches the teeth mildly.

· Labio-dental – the lower lip and the upper teeth come in contact with each other.

· Palatal – the body of the tongue touches the hard palate.

· Alveolar – the tip or blade of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge.

· Palato-alveolar – the blade/tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge, and the body of the tongue approaches the hard palate.

· Velar – the body of the tongue comes in contact with the soft palate (also called the velum).

· Glottal – the vocal cords come into contact and produce friction.

Manner of Articulation

· Plosive – a sound produced by the air being blocked inside the vocal tract followed by the release of air from the mouth.

· Fricative – a sound produced by positioning the mouth in a particular manner so as to partially block the air coming out of the mouth.

· Affricate – a combination of a plosive and fricative manner, in which sound is produced by the blocking of air and finally releasing it through a partial passage.

· Nasal – a sound produced when the air passes and escapes through the nose.

· Lateral – a sound produced by the air escaping from the mouth and sides of the tongue.

· Approximant – a sound produced when the tip of the tongue slightly touches the alveolar ridge, and the air escapes through the gap between the tongue and the alveolar ridge.

Consonant Sounds, Place of Articulation and Manner of Articulation

Examples

Example: /tʃ/

Answer: voiceless alveolopalatal affricate

Word: cherry

a. /θ/

b. /ŋ/

c. /ʒ/

d. [ɫ]

e. /r/

f. /j/

g. /g/

a. rhetoric

b. one

c. know

d. Thomas

e. sure

f. cereal

g. jaguar

h. unity

i. pheasant

j. theme

k. psalm

l. chorus

m. chaste

n. charade

o. shave

p. gnat

q. wrong

r. zero

s. ghost

t. science

1. explain what summary is

2. outline features of a summary

3. outline the dos and don’ts of summary

4. summarise a given passage

Summary writing is primarily concerned with starting so much in very few words by removing superfluous and expanded details.

Also, summary writing is concerned with producing a bridged versions of a given text or passage so that all the salient issues are brought out. It also involves writing down a brief and concise account of a long passage.

There are four main things students have to note in order to write a good summary. These are:

1. Brevity: this demands that the student must be brief and concise in their answers. There is no room for the use of flowering language or any other additional information aside from the main points.

2. Relevance: thus, calls for a candidate’s answers to be relevant to the points mentioned in the passage. Students are not expected in summary writing to give any fact or point outside the passage, however relevant they think the fact or point is

3. Proper courage of the passage: this demands that students must read and understand every aspect of the passage.

4. Clarity: this means that students are expected to put down their answers clearly.

Dos and Don’ts of a Summary

Don’ts

· Don’t include what is not in the expository text. A summary should be like an umbrella, designed to cover the subject and nothing beyond the subject.

· Don’t comment on, analyze, or offer opinion.

· Don’t compare to another subject beyond the information provided in the expository text.

· Don’t write in first or second person.

· Don’t ask questions.

· Don’t use bullets or any form of outline. A summary is not simply a list of ideas.

· Don’t refer to the summary itself. For example, “This summary is about…”

Dos

·

o Maintain a consistent author’s voice that is clear, concise, yet impersonal.

o Write in third person.

o Include passive voice, if needed to emphasize objectivity.

o Mimic the organizational pattern of the expository work. If cause-effect, chronological, reasons-based, reflect that presentation in your summary. Structure often communicates meaning.

o Write in your own words, but when the original author’s words are the most concise presentation of the main ideas or details you should quote and properly cite.

o Use sentence variety. An effective summary is never boring.

We have therefore to admit that we owe our principal knowledge over the least to the fact of living in human society. The individual if left alone from birth would remain primitive and beast-like in his thoughts and feelings to a degree that we can hardly imagine. The individual is what he is and has the significance that he has not much in virtue of individuality, but rather as a member of a great human community, which directs his material and spiritual existence from the cradle to the grave. (193 words)

Summary

Rough Draft

· Humans are social animals.

· They depend on each other for necessities and social needs.

· Humans use language to communicate with each other and further their mental development.

· Humans are superior to animals as they live in societies that guide their material and spiritual existence.

TITLE: Man and society

Summary: Human beings have their actions and desires bound up with society as they are social animals. They depend on each other for food and clothes and share their knowledge and beliefs, and use language created by others to communicate, which helps in their mental development. They are superior to beasts because they live in human society. An individual left alone since birth would grow utterly beast-like. Human society guides man’s material and spiritual existence. (76 words)

Perseverance is the very hinge of all virtues. On looking over the world, the cause of nine-tenths of the lamentable failures which occur in much of their history lies not in the want of talents, but in the manner of using them, in flying from object to object, in starting away at each little disgust, and thus applying the force which might conquer anyone difficulty to a series of difficulties so large that no human race can conquer them.

The smallest brook on earth by continuing to run has hollowed out for itself a considerable valley to flow in. Commend me, therefore, to the virtue of severance. Without it, all the rest are little better than fairy gold which glitters in your purse, but taken to the market proves to be state or cinders. (134 Words)

Answer

Title: The Importance of Perseverance / Perseverance: The Hinge of Virtues

Perseverance is the key to success, and severance is the virtue of severance. Without it, all the rest are a little better than fairy gold. (25 Words)

or,

Perseverance is the key to all virtues and is the cause of many failures in history. It is the act of flying from object to object, starting away at each little disgust, and applying the force which might conquer anyone’s difficulty to a series of difficulties so large that no human race can conquer them. Without it, all the rest are little better than fairy gold which glitters in your purse, but when taken to the market proves to be state or cinders. (83 Words)

Oral – https://youtu.be/JmXLAeVJDU0

word – Classes: https://youtu.be/SceDmiBEESI?si=hyFWmgoDffAhvdW7

a) Differentiate between English letters of the alphabet and English sounds;

b) Identify the letters of the alphabet that have corresponding sound symbols and the ones that do not have;

c) Relate sounds in words with symbols that represent them.

In phonetics, speech sounds can be divided into five different types based on the manner of articulation.

· Plosive (aka stops) – sounds made by the obstruction and release of the air stream from the lungs. Plosive sounds are harsh sounds, such as [p, t, k, b, d, g].

· Fricative – sounds formed when two articulators come close but don’t touch, forming a small gap in the vocal tract. Since the airflow is obstructed, this small gap generates audible friction, such as [f, v, z, ʃ, θ].

· Affricate sounds – these sounds are the result of plosive and fricative sounds happening in rapid succession. For example, the affricate [tʃ] represents [t] plus [ʃ], just as the affricate [dʒ] results from [d] plus [ʒ]. The first of these is unvoiced and the second is voiced.

· Nasal sounds – produced when the air passes through the nasal cavity instead of out through the mouth, such as [m, n, ŋ].

· Approximant – sounds made with partial obstruction of the airflow from the mouth. This means some sounds are coming out of the nose and some from the mouth, such as [l, ɹ, w, j].

STOPS

FRICATIVES

AFFRICATES

NASALS

APPROXIMANTS

FLAP

FRONT VOWELS

BACK VOWELS

CENTRAL VOWELS

DIPHTHONGS

1.   /ʃʌt/      a.   later

2.   /hɑːt/      b.   joke

3.   /θɪŋk/      c.   heart

4.   /wɜːk/      d.   there

5.   /leɪtə/      e.   doubt

6.   /bɔːt/      f.   work

7.   /puːl/      g.  shut

8.   /dɑʊt/      h.  think

9.   /dʒəʊk/      i.   pool

10. /ðeə/      j.   bought

/eɪ/    /ɑɪ/     /ɔɪ/     /əʊ/     /ɑʊ/    /ɪə/       /eə/       /ʊə/

1.   make           /m _ _ k/

2.   sure            /ʃ _ _/

3.   bear            /b _ _/

4.   island           /- – lənd/

5.   employ         /ɪmpl _ _/

6.   hear             /h _ _/

7.   town            /t _ _ n/

8.   home          /h _ _ m/

9.   sight          /s _ _ t/

10. know           /n _ _ /

1. List all the parts of speech

2. Use nouns, verbs, prepositions, adjectives, and conjunctions in sentences

3. Classify words in a given passage into word classes

2. Nouns are words for people, places or things like: mother, town, Rome, car, dog.

3. Adjectives are words that describe nouns, like: kind, clever, expensive.

4. Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, like: quickly, back, ever, badly, away generally, completely.

5. Determiners are a word that introduces a noun. It always comes before a noun, not after, and it also comes before any other adjectives used to describe the noun. E.g. The bunny went home, or I ate the chocolate cookie for dessert.

6. Prepositions are words usually in front of a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element, like: after, down, near, of, plus, round.

7. Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns, like: me, you, his, it, this, that, mine, yours, who, what.

8. Conjunctions are a word that joins words, phrases, clauses or sentences, like: but, and, yet, or, because, nor, although, since, unless, while, where.

9. Interjections have no grammatical value – words like: ah, hey, oh, ouch, um, well

Go through the given sentences and identify the adverb.

1. We have seen this before.

2. The postman comes to her daily.

3. The man repeated the same thing thrice.

4. Your friend called again.

5. Please walk forward.

6. The horse ran away.

7. My brother writes clearly.

8. The army fought bravely.

9. The mangoes are almost ripe.

10. Are you keeping well?

Exercise 2 – Use the Appropriate Pronoun

Fill the blanks with correct pronouns.

1. Shyam is my brother. ___ study in the same class

2. Between Ritu and me, __ am the younger one.

3. Do you see this book with my name on it? It is ___.

4. Miss Gwen is our new class teacher. ___ is very sweet.

5. While cutting vegetables, Mitu cut ___.

6. The jury got divided among ___.

7. I’m coming too. Please wait for __.

8. Nobody but ___ was present.

9. ___ book is better than the other.

10. Is the mug ___? It was on your table.

Exercise 3 – Identify the Part of Speech

Go through the following sentences and identify the part of speech of the underlined words.

1. Namitha is not coming today.

2. My mom will be leaving to Bangalore tomorrow.

3. The teacher asked the students to stand.

4. He is my brother.

5. There is a cat under the table.

6. The clothes did not dry as it was raining all night.

7. Sheena and her sister dance well.

8. I am wearing a green dress for the party.

9. Oh! That is really sad.

10. She is coming with me.

Goldilocks used to live with her parents in a cabin near the forest. One day, she decided to go for a walk. She strolled down the lane that led to the forest and came across a cottage. Feeling intrigued, she decided to check whose house it was. She knocked on the door, but no one answered. Then she decided to go in and check. Once she came into the cottage, she saw three soup bowls kept on the table. Feeling hungry, she drank the soup out of the smallest bowl. She saw a flight of stairs that led to a room above. She decided to go and see the rooms. On reaching the rooms, she saw there were three beds. Feeling sleepy with all the walking and hot soup, she decided to take a nap and slept on the smallest bed. When she woke up, she saw three bears standing in front of her, and the smallest bear among them crying loudly. Terrified, she started screaming and ran past the bear family to reach her home.

Answers 

Goldilocks used to live with her parents in a cabin near the forest. One day, she decided to go for a walk. She strolled down the lane that led to the forest and came across a cottage. Feeling intrigued, she decided to check whose house it was. She knocked on the door, but no one answered. Then she decided to go in and check. Once she came into the cottage, she saw three soup bowls kept on the table. Feeling hungry, she drank the soup out of the smallest bowl. She saw a flight of stairs that led to a room above. She decided to go and see the rooms. On reaching the rooms, she saw there were three beds. Feeling sleepy with all the walking and hot soup, she decided to take a nap and slept on the smallest bed. When she woke up, she saw three bears standing in front of her, and the smallest bear among them crying loudly. Terrified, she started screaming and ran past the bear family to reach her home.

1. Identify the topic sentence in each paragraph

2. Establish the relationship between the topic sentence(s) and the main idea in a given passage

3. Attach contextual meanings to new words found in the passage.

A topic sentence is a sentence, sometimes at the beginning of a paragraph, that states or suggests the main idea (or topic) of a paragraph.

A topic sentence is a sentence that introduces a paragraph by presenting the one topic that will be the focus of that paragraph.

Main Idea

Main Idea and Topic Sentence

A topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the main idea of a paragraph. It usually appears at the beginning of a paragraph and briefly introduces the topic that the paragraph will discuss. The main idea, on the other hand, is the overall concept or point that the paragraph, article, or piece of writing is trying to convey. It is the central idea around which the entire text is organized. While the topic sentence may express the main idea in a single sentence, the main idea is often developed and expanded upon throughout the entire text.

Keys to main idea

· It is the most important and general point in the paragraph.

· It is a fact or opinion.

· It is usually the first or second sentence in a paragraph or second sentence,

· It is supported by detail sentences that say more about the main idea. The supporting sentences give examples and explanations.

· It is a complete sentence, not a question.

” notice how all the details relate to one point and explain the topic sentence, which is highlighted.

KFC claims, on its website, that its animal-welfare advisory council “has been a key factor in formulating our animal welfare program.” But Dr. Duncan, along with five other former members of this advisory council, say otherwise. They all resigned in disgust over the company’s refusal to take animal welfare seriously. Adele Douglass, one of those who resigned, said in an SEC filing reported on by the Chicago Tribune that KFC “never had any meetings. They never asked any advice, and then they touted to the press that they had this animal-welfare advisory committee. I felt like I was being used.

The rules of conduct during an examination are clear.  No books, calculators or papers are allowed in the test room.  Proctors will not allow anyone with such items to take the test.  Anyone caught cheating will be asked to leave the room.  His or her test sheet will be taken.  The incident will be reported to the proper authority.  At the end of the test period, all materials will be returned to the proctor.  Failure to abide by these rules will result in a failing grade for this test.

1. Draw out from a given text words associated with home and family

2. Explain the following terms uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, cousin, brother-in-law, grandfather, distant relatives

3. Compose short compositions on the family

Marital Relationships

Marriage brings change. These words describe the state of relationships:

· Divorced: Jennifer is divorced, but she’s happy to be single again.

· Engaged: Helen is engaged to be married next June. She’s making plans for the wedding.

· Married: I’ve been married for over 25 years. I consider myself lucky.

· Separated: In many countries, couples must be separated for more than a year in order to divorce.

· Single: He’s a single man living in New York.

· Widowed: Hank became widowed last year. He hasn’t been the same since.

Becoming Family

These verbs describe the process of becoming family:

· Get divorced (from): My husband and I got divorced three years ago. Now, we’re best friends, but we know our marriage was a mistake.

· Get engaged (to): I got engaged to my wife after just two months of dating.

· Get married (to): We’re planning on getting married in May.

· Marry someone: She married Tom 50 years ago today. Happy anniversary!

· Start / end a relationship with someone: I think we should end our relationship. We’re not happy with each other.

Words Associated with Home

· Bedroom

A room used for sleeping in.

· Living Room (UK also sitting room, Australian English also lounge room)

The room in a house or apartment that is used for relaxing, and entertaining guests, but not usually for eating.

· Bathroom

A room with a bath and/or shower and often a toilet.

· Hall

The area just inside the main entrance of a house, apartment or other building which leads to other rooms and usually to the stairs.

· Utility Room

Usually just for washing machine, freezer etc.

· Shed

A separated building from the house usually for storing garden tools.

· Loft

Space in the roof of the house usually used only for storage.

· Attic

Room in the roof space of a house (could be lived in.)

· Cellar

Room below ground level without any windows used for storage.

· Basement

Room below ground level, with windows, used for living and working.

· Landing

Flat area at the top of a staircase.

· Hall

Open area as you come into the house.

· Porch

Covered area before the entrance door.

· Pantry Or Larder

Large cupboard used, especially in the past, for storing food.

· Terrace Or Patio

Paved area between the house and garden for sitting and eating, etc.

· Study

A room for reading, writing, studying in.

· Balcony

An area with a wall or bars around it that is joined to the outside wall of a building on an upper level.

Use the context of each sentence to help your students find an appropriate family-related word to fill in the gaps. The answers are provided below.

1. My father has a brother and a ______, so that means I have one _____ and one aunt on my father’s side of the family.

2. Someday, I hope to have a lot of ______. Of course, that means that the children of my children need to have more children!

3. After five years of marriage, they decided to get _____ because they couldn’t get along with each other.

4. Upon her husband’s death, she became a _____ and never married again.

5. My mother remarried last year. Now, I’m the _____ of my stepfather.

6. Peter’s _____, but he would like to get married and have children one day.

7. We started our ______ in Germany after we had met at an English-language school.

8. My _____ looks exactly like me, but I was born 30 minutes before she was.

9. He has an excellent relationship with his _____. They still celebrate holidays together with their children despite their divorce.

10. I’m ______ to be married in June! I can’t wait!

Answers:

1. sister / uncle

2. great-grandchildren

3. divorced

4. widow

5. stepdaughter or stepson

6. single

7. relationship

8. twin

9. ex-wife

10. engaged

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